This article argues that the ethnosectarian chaos of today’s Iraq is a consequence of state policies and capacity. The same ethnosectarian problems have existed since the birth of the Iraqi state in 1921. However, unlike the post-2003 period where ethnosectarianism has been institutionalized in the body politic, and where the state is unable to project power to subdue sub-state competitors, the pre-2003 period saw the state pursue nationalist policies that denigrated ethnosectarianism and had enough power to impose its will on fissiparous sub-state groups.

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