The EU’s “comprehensive” approach to security in the Mediterranean links together economic liberalization, democracy promotion, social cooperation, and strategic objectives. In practice, the EU has failed to fully implement its own declared commitment to attack the underlying causes of instability emanating from the Mediterranean. Notwithstanding the limitations to EU policies, criticism of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership has commonly failed adequately to recognize the evolution in European approaches to security in the Mediterranean.

Transjordanian military intelligence was established just before the 1948 war with the help of the British army, to assist the Arab Legion in the war against the Jews in Palestine. Military intelligence was a very small unit (some historians have treated it as if it did not exist), but it was also very effective. During the war, Transjordanian military intelligence was busier protecting the Hashimite regime than collecting information regarding the Jews.

Since 9/11 critical attention has focused on Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabi identity to the exclusion of non-Islamist currents such as the Liberal Trend that emerged in the milieu of greater openness promoted by Crown Prince ‘Abdallah. This article traces the origins and evolution of Saudi Liberalism, its ideological anchors in Islamic and Western political thought, and its reformist program as outlined in the Strategic Vision Statement presented to ‘Abdallah in January 2003.

rotection of the environment is enshrined in Article 50 of the Iranian Constitution. Over the past two decades, many environmental groups and organizations have emerged as part of Iran’s nascent civil society. In addition to these environmental groups coming “from below,” a number of government bureaucracies associated with the environment have evolved “from above,” or at the top, especially under the Presidency of Muhammad Khatami.

The US occupation of Iraq is not the first such occupation of that country. Although little remembered in the US, the British occupation of Iraq at the end of the First World War, and the uprising and Mandate period that followed, are still vividly recalled in Iraq. Although historical parallels are never exact, the British experience does contain some striking parallels with the initial US experience. This article examines lessons to be drawn from the British experience, as well as the question of how to avoid repeating some of the failures of that earlier effort.